Science
We believe real luxury is built on science. Here is the research behind our ingredients — every paper links to its original via DOI.
12 hallmarks of ageing
A 2023 review in Cell groups ageing into 12 interconnected hallmarks. Longevity research is organised around them.
- 01
Genomic instability
- 02
Telomere attrition
- 03
Epigenetic alterations
- 04
Loss of proteostasis
- 05
Disabled macroautophagy
- 06
Deregulated nutrient sensing
- 07
Mitochondrial dysfunction
- 08
Cellular senescence
- 09
Stem-cell exhaustion
- 10
Altered intercellular communication
- 11
Chronic inflammation
- 12
Dysbiosis
The core coenzyme
NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is in every cell of the body and takes part in hundreds of metabolic reactions: it is a key coenzyme for mitochondrial energy production and the essential substrate of the DNA-repair enzymes (PARPs) and the sirtuin family.
Studies observe that NAD⁺ in human tissue declines with age. Supplying NAD⁺ precursors such as NMN is one of the most-studied ways to restore it: several human randomised trials show oral NMN raises blood NAD⁺ and is safe and well tolerated.
Molecules in our formulas
β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide
NMNA direct NAD⁺ precursor — converted to NAD⁺ in a single step of the salvage pathway, and among the most clinically studied NAD⁺ precursors.
Yi 2023 · Igarashi 2022 · Yoshino 2021 · Mills 2016
trans-Resveratrol
RSVA plant polyphenol antioxidant from knotweed and grapes, often paired with NMN in sirtuin-pathway research.
Imai & Guarente 2014
Alpha-ketoglutarate
AKGA key metabolite of the Krebs cycle — the cell's energy engine — whose levels decline with age.
Asadi Shahmirzadi 2020
Urolithin A
UAA natural metabolite linked to mitophagy — clearing out damaged mitochondria — with human randomised trials.
Singh 2022
Spermidine
SPDA natural polyamine studied for its role in autophagy — cellular self-renewal.
Eisenberg 2016
Ergothioneine
EGTA sulphur-containing antioxidant amino acid from mushrooms; blood levels fall with age.
Cheah 2016
Evidence
- 202110-week randomised controlled trial: 250 mg/day NMN increased muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic post-menopausal women.Yoshino et al. · Science
- 2022In healthy older men, 250 mg/day NMN for 12 weeks raised blood NAD⁺ and improved some measures of muscle function.Igarashi et al. · npj Aging
- 202360-day multicentre double-blind trial: 300–900 mg/day NMN was safe and well tolerated, and raised blood NAD levels.Yi et al. · GeroScience
- 2016Long-term NMN eased several age-related physiological declines in mice.Mills et al. · Cell Metabolism
- 2020AKG extended lifespan in ageing mice and shortened the time spent frail.Asadi Shahmirzadi et al. · Cell Metabolism
- 20224-month randomised trial: urolithin A improved muscle strength and mitochondrial-health biomarkers in middle-aged adults.Singh et al. · Cell Reports Medicine
Regulation
Canada
NMN products can be licensed by Health Canada as natural health products after an ingredient-by-ingredient review. Our NMN 30000 Champagne Gold, NMN 30000 Black Gold and NMN 18000 are all licensed and listed in the public database.
United States
On 29 September 2025 the U.S. FDA confirmed in writing that NMN is not excluded from the definition of a dietary supplement and may be lawfully used in supplements.
References
- 1.López-Otín et al. (2023). Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe. Cell 186:243–278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001
- 2.Massudi et al. (2012). Age-associated changes in oxidative stress and NAD+ metabolism in human tissue. PLoS ONE 7:e42357. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042357
- 3.Covarrubias et al. (2021). NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 22:119–141. doi:10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x
- 4.Imai & Guarente (2014). NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends in Cell Biology 24:464–471. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002
- 5.Mills et al. (2016). Long-term administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide mitigates age-associated physiological decline in mice. Cell Metabolism 24:795–806. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.013
- 6.Yoshino et al. (2021). Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science 372:1224–1229. doi:10.1126/science.abe9985
- 7.Igarashi et al. (2022). Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging 8. doi:10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z
- 8.Yi et al. (2023). The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience 45:29–43. doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1
- 9.Asadi Shahmirzadi et al. (2020). Alpha-ketoglutarate, an endogenous metabolite, extends lifespan and compresses morbidity in aging mice. Cell Metabolism 32:447–456.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.004
- 10.Singh et al. (2022). Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults. Cell Reports Medicine 3:100633. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633
- 11.Eisenberg et al. (2016). Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine. Nature Medicine 22:1428–1438. doi:10.1038/nm.4222
- 12.Cheah et al. (2016). Ergothioneine levels in an elderly population decrease with age and incidence of cognitive decline; a risk factor for neurodegeneration?. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 478:162–167. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.074
Information on this website is general health information only. It is not medical advice and does not replace diagnosis or treatment by a physician. Dietary supplements are not medicines. These statements have not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, under 18, taking medication or have a medical condition, consult a health care practitioner before use. Stem-cell, genetic-testing and blood-purification services must be delivered by appropriately licensed providers under local law; test results are for health-management reference only.
Partner with us
Every product is available for distribution and consignment, with OEM / ODM manufacturing; our health-management-centre model is open to partners across China and Southeast Asia.